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Types of RCD

Types of RCD

RCD’s (Residual Current Device) are available in many types, the type is not to be confused with overcurrent protective device “curve” type.

RCD’s on their own do not offer any kind of overcurrent protection unless it is an RCBO (Residual Current Breaker with Over-Current) to BS EN 61009.

The correct selection of an RCD type all depends on what the RCD is required for, it is the designers responsibility to ensure the correct RCD or RCBO is selected for the job.

BS 7671:2018 regulation 531.3.3 states ‘different types of RCD’s exist, depending on their behaviour in presence of DC components and frequencies. The appropriate RCD shall be selected.

Different Types of RCD

The common types of RCD include:

  • Type AC
  • Type A
  • Type A-APR
  • Type F
  • Type EV
  • Type B
  • Type B+

Each RCD type has a specific set of parameters for which is it suitable.

Different Variants of RCD’s

RCD is a generic term used for a device which incorporates a residual current operated device, but variants exist such as:

RCCB (Residual Current operated Circuit Breaker)

↳ Without overcurrent protection includes, BS EN 61008, BS EN 62423 and BS 4293.

RCBO (Residual current operated Circuit Breaker with Overcurrent protection)

↳ With overcurrent protection, BS EN 61009.

SRCD (Socket -outlet/Spur Residual Current operated Device)

↳ With or without overcurrent protection, BS 7288

RDC-DD  (Residual Direct Current – Detecting Device)

↳ Mainly used for EV chargers, BS IEC 62955

Type AC RCD

Type AC: Resistive, inductive and capacitive loads.

Type AC RCD
Type AC RCD Symbol

A type AC RCD is only suitable for detecting and tripping on AC si­nus­oidal wave residual currents.

Note: If any DC current is present then a Type AC RCD may not function – It does not detect DC currents.

Type AC RCD is the most basic of all types of RCD’s and is becoming less and less suitable for todays modern world where most electrical appliances and equipment contain electronic components.

It has been mentioned that type AC RCD’s are now only really suitable for immersion heaters / electric panel heaters / tungsten lighting and the like, however this may not be the case if the equipment includes an electronic timer or electronic thermostatic controls or for tungsten lighting if electronic dimming controls are used.

Example Uses for a Type AC RCD

  • Electric Shower
  • Oven
  • Hob
  • Immersion Heater
  • Tungsten / Halogen Lighting

Type AC RCD’s are now banned in some countries.

Type A RCD

Type A: Electronic components with pulsating DC residual currents up to 6mA.

Type A RCD
Type A RCD Symbol

A type A RCD is suitable for detecting and tripping on AC si­nus­oidal wave residual currents and pulsating DC residual currents up to 6mA.

Note: If a smooth residual DC current greater than 6mA is present then a Type A RCD may not function – It does not detect smooth DC currents.

Example Uses for a Type A RCD

  • Induction Hobs
  • Lighting with LED drivers
  • Lighting with Dimmers
  • EV Chargers with less than 6mA smooth residual DC current

Type A variant –  Type A-APR : As Type A + High immunity to unwanted tripping (Source: ABB)

Type F RCD

Type F: Frequency controlled equipment.

Type F RCD
Type F RCD Symbol

A type F RCD is suitable for detecting on AC si­nus­oidal wave residual currents and pulsating DC residual currents up to 6mA and high frequency (up to 1kHz) residual currents.

Note: If a smooth residual DC >10mA is present then the Type F RCD may not function – It does not detect smooth DC currents.

Example Uses for a Type F RCD

  • Air con controllers with variable speed drives (VSD)
  • Washing machines
  • Tumble dryers
  • Dishwashers

Some manufactures of white goods such as washing machines, tumble dryers and dishwashers specify the use of a Type F RCD.

Type EV RCD

Type EV: In some countries a Type A RCD which also incorporates a RDC-DD is referred to as a Type EV.

Type EV RCD
Type EV

A type EV RCD is suitable for detecting AC and DC residual currents.

The Type EV RCCB has been developed specifically for EV charging systems and can detect AC and DC residual currents in accordance with the requirements of IEC62955. This provides a lower cost option to the Type B RCD, and has been designed specifically for use in Mode 3 and Mode 4 EV charging applications. (Source: westernautomation.com)

Type B RCD

Type B: Variable speed drives (VSD) with smooth DC residual currents.

Type B RCD
Type B RCD Symbol

A type B RCD is suitable for detecting sinusoidal AC, pulsating DC and smooth DC residual currents.

A Type B RCD will detect smooth DC currents and will operate (trip) if the smooth DC current exceeds the trip threshold.

Type B variant – Type B+ : Type B+ devices are sensitive to all residual currents while also being equipped with a special tripping curve that limits the tripping current to maximum 420 mA for frequencies up to 20 kHz. (Source: EATON)

How to Identify RCD Type

The RCD symbols below demonstrates the type of RCD and its associated RCD symbol.

RCD Type Symbols

Below are the symbols for various types of RCD.

RCD Type AC Symbol

Type AC RCD
Type AC RCD Symbol

RCD Type A Symbol

Type A RCD
Type A RCD Symbol

RCD Type F Symbol

Type F RCD
Type F RCD Symbol

RCD Type B Symbol

Type B RCD
Type B RCD Symbol

RCD Type B+ Symbol

Type B+ RCD Symbol

RCD Type EV Symbol

Type EV RCD
Type EV

Effects of DC Residual Current on RCD’s

The IET have a vary good explanation of the effects of DC residual current on RCD’s, below is an excerpt from their Wiring Matters article,

What are the effects of DC residual fault current on RCD’s?
To help explain, it might be worth thinking about some older models of earth fault loop impedance testers, which could cause the RCD to operate unintentionally. To prevent this, some types of earth fault loop impedance testers imposed a DC current on the AC test current. This DC current saturated the magnetic core of the RCD preventing it from tripping under the test condition.

Where equipment produces an element of residual DC, for example, variable-speed drives is connected to the electrical installation, the DC component can saturate the magnetic core and effectively blind or locks the RCD. This is known as ‘blinding’ and could either prevent the RCD from operating or reduce the sensitivity resulting in a dangerous situation. – Source theiet.org

For further information take a look at the BEAMA Guide to RCD Types and their Applications

Electric Vehicle Chargers and RCD’s

RCD protection for EV chargers has its own set of challenges to overcome, the BEMA Guide to RCD Protection of Electric Vehicle Charging Installations is a good reference guide, RCD Selection for EV Chargers.

Summery

Type AC: AC si­nus­oidal wave residual currents only.

Type A: As Type AC + pulsating DC residual currents up to 6mA.

Type F: As Type A + high frequency (up to 1kHz) residual currents.

Type B: As Type F + smooth DC residual currents.

Type EV: Specifically for mode 3 or mode 4 electric vehicle chargers.

Always refer to the relevant latest manufactures instructions, guidance and technical documents as specifications and requirements may vary or change overtime.